The report “Potential Association between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Terrorism: A Rapid Evidence Assessment,” offers an in-depth analysis of the possible connections between ASD and engagement in terrorism. This comprehensive review, drawing from various studies, aims to identify and explore risk or vulnerability factors and provide a framework for future research and interventions.
The Terrorism Act 2000 defines terrorism as using or threatening action to influence international organisations or intimidate the public for advancing political, religious, racial, or ideological causes. Interestingly, an individual does not have to commit a terrorist attack to be convicted of a terrorism offence; planning, assisting, and collecting information on how to commit a terrorist act are all punishable. This review focuses on terrorism committed by individuals who support or commit ideologically motivated violence and the process of radicalisation, where individuals adopt extreme positions on political or social issues.
The report highlights several factors contributing to the risk profile of individuals with ASD in relation to terrorism. These factors include a history of offending behaviour, involvement with criminal peers or extremist groups, psychological difficulties, relationship issues, history of trauma, and contextual factors. It notes that these risk factors overlap with those for general offending and would not necessarily distinguish terrorism from other crimes.
One significant aspect discussed is the need for identity, meaning, belonging, status, excitement, and dominance, which are similar for both violent and non-violent extremism. Additionally, the endorsement of extremist ideologies and justification of terrorism are unique factors in terrorism. The use of online methods to radicalise and recruit individuals is also increasing, making online contact with radical groups an essential factor to consider.
The report delves into the relationship between mental health and engagement in terrorism, noting that the connection is less clear. Studies have yielded inconsistent findings regarding the presence and relevance of mental disorders in individuals who support or engage in terrorism. However, there is a developing research base related to ASD and general offending. For example, studies have shown that individuals with ASD may have higher rates of comorbid mental disorders and are often over-represented in the Criminal Justice System. Factors such as an increased degree of influenceability and a negative social network have been found to predict violent offending in individuals with ASD.
The potential association between ASD and vulnerability to radicalisation and terrorism is an area of significant importance due to the devastating consequences of terrorism on society. This report emphasises the need to understand these factors better to formulate effective prevention and risk management strategies.
The review also identifies four major themes related to ASD and terrorism: cognitive factors, social factors, psychological factors, and ASD traits. These themes encompass various sub-themes such as impaired cognitive development, desire for social acceptance, social isolation, use of the internet and social media, comorbid mental disorders, and the special interests and need for routine common in individuals with ASD.
In conclusion, while no causal relationship between ASD and terrorism has been found, this report provides a framework for understanding the potential risk and vulnerability factors associated with ASD. It calls for targeted interventions and highlights the importance of considering each case individually, given the unique needs, characteristics, and experiences of individuals with ASD. Future research should focus on developing ASD-specific forensic risk assessment tools to improve intervention outcomes.