Check out this recent article appeared in the journal Terrorism and Political Violence ( https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2023.2215348).
Sustained desistance from extremism involves cognitive transformation, which influences behavioral change, as indicated by the article. Drawing on the theory of cognitive transformation developed by Giordano and others, the study explores the phases and factors that contribute to successful disengagement from extremist ideologies.
Desistance from extremism is not a linear process, as highlighted by the study. It teeters between success and failure, and the study acknowledges that its sequential explanation is merely for presentation purposes. The initial phase involves a shift in the meaning and desirability of extremist behaviors, driven by self-doubt about the utility of violence. Disillusionment with the extremist cause creates an openness to change, leading individuals to contemplate alternative courses of action.
For these options for exit to be realized, the study emphasizes the importance of catalysts or “hooks for change.” These hooks can be internal or external factors that serve as foundations for individuals to build their transformation upon. They can be related to shifts in values, goals, experiences, or motivations. Previous research on former extremists reveals that the responses of significant others, such as emotional support and kindness, play an instrumental role in their successful deradicalization and disengagement.
According to the study, desistance from extremism requires individuals to transcend extremist social connections and construct scripts to rationalize change. Identity transformation is a crucial component of this process, as individuals construct alternative identities and internalize scripts that justify their exit from extremist groups. By rationalizing their decisions and distancing themselves from their previous ideologies, individuals can overcome the pressure to conform to their past extremist identities.
The study emphasizes the importance of developing alternative self-assessments and reimagining a worthy replacement self in sustaining desistance. The extent and specific contents of ideological rearrangement and reframing vary for each individual and depend on their context. This multifaceted process involves dismantling and rearranging core beliefs that drive violent extremist actions. It may require a reevaluation of concepts such as justice, honor, and masculinity.
Scripts play a crucial role in desistance from extremism, as highlighted by the study. These self-narratives, often redemptive in nature, enable individuals to demonstrate and signal change. Former extremists may seek redemption by counseling others about the realities of extremism or becoming involved in legitimate political activism. Verbal and active demonstrations of change lead to the emergence of prosocial behaviors.
According to the study, individual resilience is a limiting factor in the process of cognitive transformation. Resilience involves the capacity to deal with adversity, overcome stress, and enact change. Self-reflection and the ability to manage setbacks are essential in sustaining desistance. Social supports and alternative options are crucial for individuals to create new identities and disengage from extremist networks.
The study’s theory of change (TOC) provides a framework for understanding the process of desistance from extremism. While it does not cover all possible contingencies, it highlights the importance of cognitive transformation, individual resilience, and external support in facilitating successful disengagement. Factors such as age, psychosocial predispositions, and contextual influences warrant further research.
To design effective intervention programs, the study emphasizes the need to consider the complexities of desistance and tailor approaches to individual circumstances. While the motivations and capacity for change lie within the individual, the study emphasizes the role of third parties as enablers and supporters. Authentic demonstrations of desistance remain a challenge, but the theory of cognitive transformation provides valuable insights into the nature of change and how it can be facilitated.