Check out this blog post, which appeared on both The Interpreter and GNET.
“Definitions and concepts around hate and extremism are often blurry, and the link between the two is just beginning to be explored. There is a debate about whether hate crimes and terrorism are “close cousins” or “distant relatives”. Many incidents blur the line between hate crimes and terrorism, such as the Pittsburgh Synagogue shooting in 2018. Research in this field is largely underdeveloped, even though there is potentially a wealth of information about online incidents of hate recorded by civil society organisations that has not been properly examined. For example, the antisemitism report by the Executive Council of Australian Jewry, the Islamophobia Register Australia, and Tell MAMA in the UK (among many others) record hundreds of incidents of hate every year. They include social media posts that incite violence against religious minorities, threatening emails, memes, videos and other materials that are reported to them by community members.”